Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences | 2026
Authors: Khan U.A.; Benotsmane R.; Şahin M.; Yilmaz M.K.; Güloğlu B.; Zaim S.
DOI: 10.64534/Commer.2026.671
Journal: Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences
Year: 2026
Publisher: Johar Education Society Pakistan
Document Type: Article
Open Access: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
Cited by: 0
This study investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), institutional quality, industrialization, and carbon emissions across 48 high-income and 37 upper-middle-income countries for the years 2002 to 2022 by employing panel quantile regression analysis using R software. The results show that inward FDI has increased pollution in high-income countries by the coefficient of 0.016 to 0.026 while it has reduced carbon emissions in upper-middle-income countries by the coefficient of -0.012 to 0.01. In outward FDI, although it is expected that upper-middle income countries will end up with low carbon emissions, the results show that carbon emissions increase in these countries by the coefficient of -0.025 to 0.08. Industrialization has significantly raised pollution in both groups, while institutional quality has a positive impact in high-income countries and a negative influence in upper-middle-income nations, implying the mixed impact of good governance in environmental management. The findings highlight the dual effect of FDI on carbon emissions, indicating that its environmental impact varies according to the extent of policy interventions, i.e. carbon taxation, environmental regulation, designed to balance economic growth with environmental protection. The results offer valuable insights for companies and policymakers seeking to align economic growth with environmental sustainability across different stages of economic development. © 2026, Johar Education Society Pakistan. All rights reserved.
carbon emissions; Foreign direct investment; industrialization; institutional quality