Frontiers in Sports and Active Living | 2026
Authors: Pettersson S.; Tamm L.; Hirschberg A.L.; Fridolfsson J.
DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1823271
Journal: Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
Year: 2026
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Document Type: Article
Open Access: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
Cited by: 0
Background – Low areal bone mineral density (aBMD) is prevalent in elite road cyclists due to non-weight-bearing training loads and, at times, low energy availability (EA). Real-world, site-specific skeletal responses to targeted loading during rehabilitation remain insufficiently characterized. Case presentation – A 24-year-old WorldTour-level female road cyclist with low aBMD (Z-score ≤ −1.1) initiated a periodized resistance and impact loading program and daily vitamin D (800 IU). Three fasted-morning DXA and venous blood assessments (Oct-2024; Mar-2025; May-2025) were paired with training logs, dual-sided crank data, menstrual tracking, and weighed diet records. Five days after second DXA, a left grade-2 medial collateral ligament knee sprain precluded loading of the injured limb for ∼11 weeks; rehabilitation emphasized heavy unilateral resistance work of the contralateral limb while cycling volume was maintained. Results – From baseline to pre-injury, lumbar and bilateral femoral aBMD increased (all ≥least significant change, LSC). During unilateral rehabilitation, only the trained femur accrued further aBMD (total hip +2.8%; neck +3.8%; both ≥LSC), whereas the injured femur was stable/slightly lower (≤LSC). Whole-body BMD rose further; and leg-specific lean mass diverged (+uninjured/−injured). Right-leg pedal dominance (∼52%–54%) was similar in the 2024 and 2025 seasons, making cycling-related asymmetry an unlikely explanation for the March–May divergence. Across the three sampling time points, cortisol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones were within reference ranges. Menstrual bleeding reappeared in late November 2024 but remained irregular; EA before baseline was frequently low, and after baseline it was assessed once and appeared higher, but no temporal trend can be inferred. Conclusion – Progressive resistance and impact loading were associated with rapid bilateral aBMD accrual pre-injury, and unilateral high-strain loading during knee rehabilitation after a grade-2 MCL sprain coincided with site-specific increases in femoral aBMD despite preserved cycling volume. These findings highlight rehabilitation periods as practical windows to deliver targeted bone-loading in non-weight-bearing endurance athletes and support the feasibility of brief, targeted bone-loading as an in-season maintenance strategy, while contributions from energetic and reproductive factors cannot be excluded. © 2026 Pettersson, Tamm, Hirschberg and Fridolfsson.
bone remodeling; case report; DXA; endurance athlete; lean mass; mechanical loading; osteogenic loading; relative energy availability