Economia | 2026
Authors: Fergusson L.
DOI: 10.31389/eco.478
Journal: Economia
Year: 2026
Publisher: LSE Press
Document Type: Article
Open Access: All Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
Cited by: 0
This paper argues that Colombia’s taxation problems reflect a deeper political economy equilibrium shaped by extractive institutions, extreme inequality, and cultural norms that favor individual solutions over collective ones. Historical legacies produced a weak and often distrusted state, which in turn fostered social norms that legitimize rule-bending, low tax morale, and clientelistic exchanges. These institutional and cultural arrangements proved mutually reinforcing for decades. Since the 1990s, however, political openness expanded inclusion and triggered greater demand for public goods. The result has been a more responsive state, yet one constrained by persistent political inequality, clientelism, low trust, and reluctance to fund public spending through broad taxation. The mismatch between rising expectations and limited fiscal capacity has now produced a fragile and increasingly untenable fiscal position. Colombia faces a critical choice: renew its fiscal pact on new, more consensual terms or risk recurring crises and democratic erosion as an expensive but ineffective state structure constrains long-run development. © 2026 The Author(s).
Clientelism; Colombia; Fiscal policy; Inequality; Institutional change; Political economy; Public goods; Social norms; State capacity; Taxation